Simply put, it's a fungus, and, depending on your point of view (and your maturity level), it might be one of the strangest, funniest, most fascinating, and/or most offensive organisms you’ll come across in the woods. Whenever I encounter one, I can’t help but chuckle, but I once had a person on a guided hike feel so offended by the stinkhorn’s appearance that they let out a gasp and averted their eyes.

These fungi belong to Phallaceae, a family found worldwide, but especially in the tropics. Many of its members display fetid, sticky spore masses on the end of a phallic stalk. Several are native to North America, and some bear a startling resemblance to an erect, human penis. I recently came across one in the genus Mutinus, and members of this genus look more like a canine phallus. The species I found is commonly called the Dog Stinkhorn (Mutinus spp.**). Like many fungi, it can grow very quickly (some appear overnight), and the one I encountered emerged in the middle of a trail that I had walked just two days prior. It’s possible I hadn’t noticed it, but I’m betting it grew the night before.

Like many of its relatives, this species emerges from a spherical “egg” half-buried in leaf litter. This structure splits open, and the fruiting stalk expands to its full height of 10-12 centimeters, sometimes within a matter of hours. The stalk’s tip is covered in a dark-brown slime that is the spore-bearing matrix (properly called gleba). It gives off an odor similar to animal feces, attracting invertebrates, including flies (often members of the Calliphoridae genus, such as blow flies) and beetles. These insects move around the tip and remove the slime, unwittingly carrying the spores away as they depart and disperse them elsewhere in the surrounding habitat.

However you react to the stinkhorns, it’s tough to deny that their striking appearance and distinctive odor make any encounter with this species a memorable one.

*I encourage you to look into other members of the Phallales order. Besides the phallic members of the Phallaceae family discussed here, relatives in other stinkhorn families take on striking and beautiful forms; some resemble sea anemones and others develop cage-like structures that look nothing like what most of us think of when we hear the word “mushroom”.

JEWELWEED, POISON IVY, AND HOMER SIMPSON

August 2, 2016

Bill Michalek

by Bill Michalek

“Posion Ivy!”

It’s a name that strikes fear. Everyone seems to have, or know someone who has, a story of horrific dermatitis caused by this legendary member of the Sumac family. Most people have heard the axiom, “Leaves of three, let it be,” but that’s a poor guide for identification. Many common, harmless plants, including Wild Strawberry, have a three-leaved appearance. Fewer people have heard the second part of the “leaves of three” adage: “If there’s hair, leave it there,” a reference to the Poison Ivy vine’s tendency to appear hairy as it gets older (the “hairs” are adventitious roots, which provide a means for a plant to spread by climbing). It’s a helpful field mark, but not present when Poison Ivy is growing on the ground. (Fewer still have heard Homer Simpson’s third line of the Poison Ivy poem, “Leaves of four, eat some more!”)

But this article isn’t about identifying Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans). For that, see the link I posted below. This is about a potential treatment for the rash caused by exposure to T. radicans.

When I was first introduced to the plant, I was also shown how to mash the leaves of another native plant: Impatiens capensis, also known as Jewelweed or Spotted Touch-me-not. Applying mashed leaves, I was taught, would cure the irritation and itching of a case of Poison Ivy. Added in for good measure was a supposedly Native American claim that wherever you found Poison Ivy, you would also find Jewelweed growing close by.

These claims were so pleasing to my young naturalist’s ears, that I shared them readily and saw them repeated by numerous sources, both on- and offline. But I never had the chance to test them for myself. Up to this point, I’ve somehow avoided ever getting Poison Ivy, except for the time when I wanted to see if I was immune to it and spent 7 days rubbing larger and larger pieces of cut stem on my hand (I eventually got a small rash). I have applied the mashed Jewelweed leaves to a nasty case of Stinging Nettles (another reported use), but they gave me no relief.

Most of the articles that cite research into Jewelweed’s effectiveness reference a study from 1958 in which a Jewelweed treatment was compared with other Poison Ivy dermatitis treatments. In the Jewelweed group, 108 out of 115 patients were entirely relieved of their symptoms within 2 or 3 days. Sounds good, right? What nearly every reference to this study fails to mention, however, is a follow up study from 1980, in which two researchers questioned whether it was not the Jewelweed, but the water in which it was mixed, that affected the Poison Ivy. They tested their hypothesis by treating some Poison Ivy rashes with water, some with Jewelweed, and some with nothing. Their results pointed to Jewelweed having no effect on the rash and that plain water may have a slight benefit. Another study in 1997, seemed to confirm these findings. Things were not looking good for Jewelweed.

As with all studies, however, it’s good to dig into the methods to get a complete picture. The 1958 study made use of the entire plant, while the latter two used stem extracts. Could the stem extracts lack the compounds that affect Poison Ivy?

A study in 2012 decided to answer this question. Different groups of volunteers with Poison Ivy were treated with Jewelweed extracts, fresh plant mashes, soaps made with Jewelweed extracts, and water and dish soap. The researchers reported, “we can say with a 95% confidence interval that jewelweed mash is effective in decreasing the development of [Poison Ivy rash].” But they go on to say that even more effective than Jewelweed is soap and water, and that the Jewelweed soaps (containing Jewelweed extracts) were no more effective than dish soap. The researchers hypothesized that Jewelweed may show effectiveness because it contains saponins, chemical compounds (glycosides) that produce soap-like foam when mixed with water.

These researchers did a follow up study in 2015 to test their hypothesis, and the results confirmed it. A Jewelweed plant mash showed some reduction in Poison Ivy rash, but extracts of the Jewelweed saponins showed a greater reduction, as did the groups treated with soap and water. The greatest reductions were found in two groups: those treated with a double strength saponin extract and those treated with soap/water.

So, where does that leave us? Research shows that Jewelweed is indeed an effective cure for Poison Ivy, but soap and water are more effective. Here’s why: the component of Poison Ivy that causes a rash is an oil called urushiol. The oil needs to come in contact with your skin in order for a reaction to develop. The longer the exposure, the worse the rash. Since urushiol is an oil, water alone does a poor job of removing it, but soap works well. When you’re in your backyard or out on the trail and you think you have come into contact with Poison Ivy sap (and the urushiol oil within it), wash the affected area as soon as possible with soap and water in order to remove the oil. Soap and water works best, but if you don’t have any around and you spot some Jewelweed, mash it up and rub it in! Jewelweed (and the soap-like saponins within it) are the next best treatment.